What is Hreflang?
Annotations declaring language and regional variants of a page so engines serve the right one per locale. Missing return tags and wrong country codes are the classic failure modes.
Related terms
Canonical Tag
A hint (rel="canonical") naming the preferred URL when duplicates exist. Only about three in five pages web-wide carry a valid one, so validation must cover target quality and conflicting signals.
Duplicate Content
Substantively identical content at multiple URLs, from facets, parameters, or syndication. Diagnose the pattern (template, locale, pagination) before prescribing canonicals or consolidation.
Multi-Location SEO
Managing many profiles and location pages under one brand: governance, bulk verification, review workflows, and unique per-location proof at scale.
Technical SEO
The crawling, indexing, rendering, and performance work that lets search engines reach, understand, and serve your pages. It covers directives, architecture, speed, and structured data rather than words on the page.
Crawling
How search-engine bots discover pages by following links, sitemaps, and directives. If a URL is never crawled, it cannot be indexed no matter how good its content is.
Crawl Budget
The number of pages a search engine will crawl on a site in a given period, driven by server capacity and demand signals. Large or slow sites must spend it on indexable, valuable URLs.